Skip to main content
Log in

Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. I. Definitions

  • Expert Panel
  • Published:
Intensive Care Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objective

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) have been increasingly recognized in the critically ill over the past decade. The variety of definitions proposed has led to confusion and difficulty in comparing one study to another.

Design

An international consensus group of critical care specialists convened at the second World Congress on Abdominal Compartment Syndrome to standardize definitions for IAH and ACS based upon the current understanding of the pathophysiology surrounding these two syndromes.

Methods

Prior to the conference the authors developed a blueprint for the various definitions, which was further refined both during and after the conference. The present article serves as the final report of the 2004 International ACS Consensus Definitions Conference and is endorsed by the World Society of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (WSACS).

Results

IAH is redefined as an intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) at or above 12 mmHg. ACS is redefined as an IAP above 20 mmHg with evidence of organ dysfunction/failure. ACS is further classified as either primary, secondary, or recurrent based upon the duration and cause of the IAH-induced organ failure. Standards for IAP monitoring are set forth to facilitate accuracy of IAP measurements from patient to patient.

Conclusions

State-of-the-art definitions for IAH and ACS are proposed based upon current medical evidence as well as expert opinion. The WSACS recommends that these definitions be used for future clinical and basic science research. Specific guidelines and recommendations for clinical management of patients with IAH/ACS are published in a separate review.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Malbrain ML, Chiumello D, Pelosi P, Bihari D, Innes R, Ranieri VM, Del Turco M, Wilmer A, Brienza N, Malcangi V, Cohen J, Japiassu A, De Keulenaer BL, Daelemans R, Jacquet L, Laterre PF, Frank G, de Souza P, Cesana B, Gattinoni L (2005) Incidence and prognosis of intraabdominal hypertension in a mixed population of critically ill patients: a multiple-center epidemiological study. Crit Care Med 33:315–322

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Malbrain ML, Chiumello D, Pelosi P, Wilmer A, Brienza N, Malcangi V, Bihari D, Innes R, Cohen J, Singer P, Japiassu A, Kurtop E, De Keulenaer BL, Daelemans R, Del Turco M, Cosimini P, Ranieri M, Jacquet L, Laterre PF, Gattinoni L (2004) Prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients: a multicentre epidemiological study. Intensive Care Med 30:822–829

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Cocanour CS, Kozar RA, Holcomb JB, Ware DN, Moore FA (2002) Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome is an elusive early complication of traumatic shock resuscitation. Am J Surg 184:538–543

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Sugrue M (2005) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care 11:333–338

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ivatury RR, Sugerman HJ, Peitzman AB (2001) Abdominal compartment syndrome: recognition and management. Adv Surg 35:251–269

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Malbrain ML (2004) Is it wise not to think about intraabdominal hypertension in the ICU? Curr Opin Crit Care 10:132–145

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Cheatham M (1999) Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome. New Horiz 7:96–115

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kirkpatrick AW, Balogh Z, Ball CG, Ahmed N, Chun R, McBeth P, Kirby A, Zygun DA (2006) The secondary abdominal compartment syndrome: iatrogenic or unavoidable? J Am Coll Surg 202:668–679

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ivatury RR, Cheatham ML, Malbrain ML, Sugrue M (2006) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cheatham ML, Safcsak K, Llerena LE, Morrow CE Jr, Block EF (2004) Long-term physical, mental, and functional consequences of abdominal decompression. J Trauma 56:237–241

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cheatham ML, White MW, Sagraves SG, Johnson JL, Block EF (2000) Abdominal perfusion pressure: a superior parameter in the assessment of intra-abdominal hypertension. J Trauma 49:621–626

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Malbrain ML (2002) Abdominal perfusion pressure as a prognostic marker in intra-abdominal hypertension. In: Vincent JL (ed) Yearbook of intensive care and emergency medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 792–814

    Google Scholar 

  13. Sanchez NC, Tenofsky PL, Dort JM, Shen LY, Helmer SD, Smith RS (2001) What is normal intra-abdominal pressure? Am Surg 67:243–248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Cox Jr CS, Allen SJ, Cocanour CS, Kozar RA, Moore EE, Miller IC, Weisbrodt NW, Moore FA (2003) Abdominal compartment syndrome: the cause or effect of postinjury multiple organ failure. Shock 20:483–492

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Holcomb JB, Miller CC, Cocanour CS, Kozar RA, Valdivia A, Ware DN, Moore FA (2003) Both primary and secondary abdominal compartment syndrome can be predicted early and are harbingers of multiple organ failure. J Trauma 54:848–859

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Raeburn CD, Moore EE, Biffl WL, Johnson JL, Meldrum DR, Offner PJ, Franciose RJ, Burch JM (2001) The abdominal compartment syndrome is a morbid complication of postinjury damage control surgery. Am J Surg 182:542–546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Mayberry JC (1999) Prevention of the abdominal compartment syndrome. Lancet 354:1749–1750

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Mayberry JC, Goldman RK, Mullins RJ, Brand DM, Crass RA, Trunkey DD (1999) Surveyed opinion of American trauma surgeons on the prevention of the abdominal compartment syndrome. J Trauma 47:509–513

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hong JJ, Cohn SM, Perez JM, Dolich MO, Brown M, McKenney MG (2002) Prospective study of the incidence and outcome of intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome. Br J Surg 89:591–596

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Schein M, Ivatury R (1998) Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome. Br J Surg 85:1027–1028

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Schein M, Wittmann DH, Aprahamian CC, Condon RE (1995) The abdominal compartment syndrome: the physiological and clinical consequences of elevated intra-abdominal pressure. J Am Coll Surg 180:745–753

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ivatury RR, Diebel L, Porter JM, Simon RJ (1997) Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome. Surg Clin North Am 77:783–800

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Cocanour CS, Kozar RA, Valdivia A, Sailors RM, Moore FA (2003) Supranormal trauma resuscitation causes more cases of abdominal compartment syndrome. Arch Surg 138:637–642

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. McNelis J, Marini CP, Jurkiewicz A, Fields S, Caplin D, Stein D, Ritter G, Nathan I, Simms HH (2002) Predictive factors associated with the development of abdominal compartment syndrome in the surgical intensive care unit. Arch Surg 137:133–136

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. McNelis J, Soffer S, Marini CP, Jurkiewicz A, Ritter G, Simms HH, Nathan I (2002) Abdominal compartment syndrome in the surgical intensive care unit. Am Surg 68:18–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Burch JM, Moore EE, Moore FA, Franciose R (1996) The abdominal compartment syndrome. Surg Clin North Am 76:833–842

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Offner PJ, de Souza AL, Moore EE, Biffl WL, Franciose RJ, Johnson JL, Burch JM (2001) Avoidance of abdominal compartment syndrome in damage-control laparotomy after trauma. Arch Surg 136:676–681

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Loftus IM, Thompson MM (2003) The abdominal compartment syndrome following aortic surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 25:97–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ivy ME, Atweh NA, Palmer J, Possenti PP, Pineau M, D'Aiuto M (2000) Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome in burn patients. J Trauma 49:387–391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Meldrum DR, Moore FA, Moore EE, Franciose RJ, Sauaia A, Burch JM (1997) Prospective characterization and selective management of the abdominal compartment syndrome. Am J Surg 174:667–672

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ivatury RR, Porter JM, Simon RJ, Islam S, John R, Stahl WM (1998) Intra-abdominal hypertension after life-threatening penetrating abdominal trauma: prophylaxis, incidence, and clinical relevance to gastric mucosal pH and abdominal compartment syndrome. J Trauma 44:1016–1021

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Eddy V, Nunn C, Morris JA Jr (1997) Abdominal compartment syndrome. The Nashville experience. Surg Clin North Am 77:801–812

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Demetriades D (2000) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Trauma 2000:277–281

    Google Scholar 

  34. Stassen NA, Lukan JK, Dixon MS, Carillo EH (2002) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Scand J Surg 91:104–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Eddy VA, Key SP, Morris JA Jr (1994) Abdominal compartment syndrome: etiology, detection, and management. J Tenn Med Assoc 87:55–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Malbrain ML, Deeren D, De Potter TJ (2005) Intra-abdominal hypertension in the critically ill: it is time to pay attention. Curr Opin Crit Care 11:156–171

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ertel W, Oberholzer A, Platz A, Stocker R, Trentz O (2000) Incidence and clinical pattern of the abdominal compartment syndrome after “damage-control” laparotomy in 311 patients with severe abdominal and/or pelvic trauma. Crit Care Med 28:1747–1753

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Malbrain ML (2004) Different techniques to measure intra-abdominal pressure (IAP): time for a critical re-appraisal. Intensive Care Med 30:357–371

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cheatham ML, Safcsak K (1998) Intraabdominal pressure: a revised method for measurement. J Am Coll Surg 186:594–595

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Malbrain ML (2001) Intra-abdominal pressure in the intensive care unit: Clinical tool or toy? In: Vincent JL (ed) Yearbook of intensive care and emergency medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 547–585

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kirkpatrick AW, Brenneman FD, McLean RF, Rapanos T, Boulanger BR (2000) Is clinical examination an accurate indicator of raised intra-abdominal pressure in critically injured patients? Can J Surg 43:207–211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sugrue M, Bauman A, Jones F, Bishop G, Flabouris A, Parr M, Stewart A, Hillman K, Deane SA (2002) Clinical examination is an inaccurate predictor of intraabdominal pressure. World J Surg 26:1428–1431

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. De Potter TJ, Dits H, Malbrain ML (2005) Intra- and interobserver variability during in vitro validation of two novel methods for intra-abdominal pressure monitoring. Intensive Care Med 31:747–751

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Schachtrupp A, Tons C, Fackeldey V, Hoer J, Reinges M, Schumpelick V (2003) Evaluation of two novel methods for the direct and continuous measurement of the intra-abdominal pressure in a porcine model. Intensive Care Med 29:1605–1608

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Balogh Z, Jones F, D'Amours S, Parr M, Sugrue M (2004) Continuous intra-abdominal pressure measurement technique. Am J Surg 188:679–684

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Gudmundsson FF, Viste A, Gislason H, Svanes K (2002) Comparison of different methods for measuring intra-abdominal pressure. Intensive Care Med 28:509–514

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Davis PJ, Koottayi S, Taylor A, Butt WW (2005) Comparison of indirect methods of measuring intra-abdominal pressure in children. Intensive Care Med 31:471–475

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Malbrain ML (1999) Abdominal pressure in the critically ill: measurement and clinical relevance. Intensive Care Med 25:1453–1458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Sussman AM, Boyd CR, Williams JS, DiBenedetto RJ (1991) Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on intra-abdominal pressure. South Med J 84:697–700

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Schachtrupp A, Henzler D, Orfao S, Schaefer W, Schwab R, Becker P, Schumpelick V (2006) Evaluation of a modified piezoresistive technique and a water-capsule technique for direct and continuous measurement of intra-abdominal pressure in a porcine model. Crit Care Med 34:745–750

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Malbrain M, Jones F (2006) Intra-abdominal pressure measurement techniques. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 19–68

    Google Scholar 

  52. Deeren D, Malbrain M (2006) Prevalence and incidence of Intraabdominal hypertension. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 82–88

    Google Scholar 

  53. Schein M (2006) Abdominal compartment syndrome: historical background. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  54. Muckart DJ, Ivatury R, Leppaniemi A, Smith S (2006) Definitions. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 8–18

    Google Scholar 

  55. Cheatham ML, Ivatury RR, Malbrain ML, Sugrue M (2006) Options and challenges for the future. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience Georgetown, pp 295–300

  56. Deeren D, Dits H, Malbrain MLNG (2005) Correlation between intra-abdominal and intracranial pressure in nontraumatic brain injury. Intensive Care Med 31:1577–1581

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Cheatham M, Malbrain M (2006) Abdominal perfusion pressure. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 69–81

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ulyatt DB (1992) Elevated intra-abdominal pressure. Australian Anaes 108–114

  59. Sugrue M, Hallal A, D'Amours S (2006) Intra-abdominal pressure hypertension and the kidney. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 119–128

    Google Scholar 

  60. Sugrue M, Buist MD, Hourihan F, Deane S, Bauman A, Hillman K (1995) Prospective study of intra-abdominal hypertension and renal function after laparotomy. Br J Surg 82:235–238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Sugrue M, Jones F, Janjua KJ, Deane SA, Bristow P, Hillman K (1998) Temporary abdominal closure: a prospective evaluation of its effects on renal and respiratory physiology. J Trauma 45:914–921

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Sugrue M, Jones F, Deane SA, Bishop G, Bauman A, Hillman K (1999) Intra-abdominal hypertension is an independent cause of postoperative renal impairment. Arch Surg 134:1082–1085

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Malbrain MLNG, Deeren DH, De Potter T, Libeer C, Dits H (2005) Abdominal compartment syndrome following rectus sheath hematoma: bladder-to-gastric pressure difference as a guide to treatment. ANZ Journal of Surgery 75:A8

    Google Scholar 

  64. Bingol-Kologlu M, Karakoc L, Dagdeviren A, Buyukpamukcu N, Tanyel FC (2001) Changes in bladder of rabbits subjected to elevation of intraabdominal pressures. J Pediatr Surg 36:995–999

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Bingol-Kologlu M, Sara Y, Ertunc M, Onur R, Buyukpamukcu N, Tanyel FC (2000) Increased intra-abdominal pressure alters the contractile properties of rabbit bladder. BJU Int 85:336–340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kron IL (1989) A simple technique to accurately determine intra-abdominal pressure. Crit Care Med 17:714–715

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kron IL, Harman PK, Nolan SP (1984) The measurement of intra-abdominal pressure as a criterion for abdominal re-exploration. Ann Surg 199:28–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. De Waele JJ, Billiet EA, Hoste E, Blot SI, Colardyn FA (2005) Fluid vs. air for semicontinuous intra-abdominal pressure measurements using a compliance catheter. Intensive Care Med 31:598–599

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. De Waele J, Pletinckx P, Blot S, Hoste E (2006) Saline volume in transvesical intra-abdominal pressure measurement: enough is enough. Intensive Care Med 32:455–459

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sugerman H, Windsor A, Bessos M, Kellum J, Reines H, DeMaria E (1998) Effects of surgically induced weight loss on urinary bladder pressure, sagittal abdominal diameter and obesity co-morbidity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22:230–235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Sugerman H, Windsor A, Bessos M, Wolfe L (1997) Intra-abdominal pressure, sagittal abdominal diameter and obesity comorbidity. J Intern Med 241:71–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Sugerman HJ (2001) Effects of increased intra-abdominal pressure in severe obesity. Surg Clin North Am 81:1063–1075

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Sugerman HJ (1998) Increased intra-abdominal pressure in obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22:1138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hamad GG, Peitzman AB (2006) Morbid obesity and chronic intra-abdominal hypertension. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 187–194

    Google Scholar 

  75. Hering R, Vorwerk R, Wrigge H, Zinserling J, Schroder S, von Spiegel T, Hoeft A, Putensen C (2002) Prone positioning, systemic hemodynamics, hepatic indocyanine green kinetics, and gastric intramucosal energy balance in patients with acute lung injury. Intensive Care Med 28:53–58

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Hering R, Wrigge H, Vorwerk R, Brensing KA, Schroder S, Zinserling J, Hoeft A, Spiegel TV, Putensen C (2001) The effects of prone positioning on intraabdominal pressure and cardiovascular and renal function in patients with acute lung injury. Anesth Analg 92:1226–1231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Michelet P, Roch A, Gainnier M, Sainty JM, Auffray JP, Papazian L (2005) Influence of support on intra-abdominal pressure, hepatic kinetics of indocyanine green and extravascular lung water during prone positioning in patients with ARDS: a randomized crossover study. Crit Care 9:R251–R257

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Raeburn CD, Moore EE (2006) Abdominal compartment syndrome provokes multiple organ failure: animal and human supporting evidence. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 157–169

    Google Scholar 

  79. Yang EY, Marder SR, Hastings G, Knudson MM (2002) The abdominal compartment syndrome complicating nonoperative management of major blunt liver injuries: recognition and treatment using multimodality therapy. J Trauma 52:982–986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Cheatham M, Malbrain M (2006) Cardiovascular implications of elevated intra-abdominal pressure. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M, editors. Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 89–104

    Google Scholar 

  81. Mertens zur Borg IR, Verbrugge SJ, Olvera C (2006) Pathophysiology: respiratory. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 105–118

  82. Ivatury R, Diebel L (2006) Intra-abdominal hypertension and the splanchnic bed. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 129–137

    Google Scholar 

  83. Wendon J, Biancofiore G, Auzinger G (2006) Intra-abdominal hypertension and the liver. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 138–143

    Google Scholar 

  84. Citerio G, Berra L (2006) Central nervous system. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 144–156

    Google Scholar 

  85. Sugrue M, Jones F, Lee A, Buist MD, Deane S, Bauman A, Hillman K (1996) Intraabdominal pressure and gastric intramucosal pH: is there an association? World J Surg 20:988–991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Papavassiliou V, Anderton M, Loftus IM, Turner DA, Naylor AR, London NJ, Bell PR, Thompson MM (2003) The physiological effects of elevated intra-abdominal pressure following aneurysm repair. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 26:293–298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Tiwari A, Haq AI, Myint F, Hamilton G (2002) Acute compartment syndromes. Br J Surg 89:397–412

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Saggi BH, Sugerman HJ, Ivatury RR, Bloomfield GL (1998) Abdominal compartment syndrome. J Trauma 45:597–609

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Ghimenton F, Thomson SR, Muckart DJ, Burrows R (2000) Abdominal content containment: practicalities and outcome. Br J Surg 87:106–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Doty JM, Oda J, Ivatury RR, Blocher CR, Christie GE, Yelon JA, Sugerman HJ (2002) The effects of hemodynamic shock and increased intra-abdominal pressure on bacterial translocation. J Trauma 52:13–17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Diebel LN, Lange MP, Schneider F, Mason K, Wilson RF, Jacobs L, Dahn MS (1987) Cardiopulmonary complications after major surgery: a role for epidural analgesia? Surgery 102:660–666

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Diebel L, Saxe J, Dulchavsky S (1992) Effect of intra-abdominal pressure on abdominal wall blood flow. Am Surg 58:573–575

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Diebel LN, Dulchavsky SA, Wilson RF (1992) Effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure on mesenteric arterial and intestinal mucosal blood flow. J Trauma 33:45–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Diebel LN, Wilson RF, Dulchavsky SA, Saxe J (1992) Effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure on hepatic arterial, portal venous, and hepatic microcirculatory blood flow. J Trauma 33:279–282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Diebel LN, Dulchavsky SA, Brown WJ (1997) Splanchnic ischemia and bacterial translocation in the abdominal compartment syndrome. J Trauma 43:852–855

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Fietsam R Jr, Villalba M, Glover JL, Clark K (1989) Intra-abdominal compartment syndrome as a complication of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Am Surg 55:396–402

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Tiwari A, Myint F, Hamilton G (2006) Recognition and management of abdominal compartment syndrome in the United Kingdom. Intensive Care Med 32:906–909

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Ravishankar N, Hunter J (2005) Measurement of intra-abdominal pressure in intensive care units in the United Kingdom: a national postal questionnaire study. Br J Anaesth 94:763–766

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Leppaniemi A, Kirkpatrick AW, Salazar A, Elliot D, Nicolaou S, Björck M (2006) Miscellaneous conditions and abdominal compartment syndrome. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 195–214

    Google Scholar 

  100. Kuhn MA, Tuggle DW (2006) Prevention of abdominal compartment syndrome. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 221–229

    Google Scholar 

  101. Parr M, Olvera C (2006) Medical management of abdominal compartment syndrome. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 230–237

    Google Scholar 

  102. Balogh Z, Moore FA, Goettler CE, Rotondo MF, Schwab CW, Kaplan MJ (2006) Management of abdominal compartment syndrome. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 264–294

    Google Scholar 

  103. Balogh Z, Moore FA (2006) Postinjury secondary abdominal compartment syndrome. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 170–177

    Google Scholar 

  104. Ivy ME (2006) Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome in burns. In: Ivatury R, Cheatham M, Malbrain M, Sugrue M (eds) Abdominal compartment syndrome. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, pp 178–186

    Google Scholar 

  105. Aranda RA, Romao Junior JE, Kakehashi E, Domingos W, Sabbaga E, Marcondes M, Abensur H (2000) Intraperitoneal pressure and hernias in children on peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 14:22–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Enoch C, Aslam N, Piraino B (2002) Intra-abdominal pressure, peritoneal dialysis exchange volume, and tolerance in APD. Semin Dial 15:403–406

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Aspesi M, Gamberoni C, Severgnini P, Colombo G, Chiumello D, Minoja G, Tulli G, Malacrida R, Pelosi P, Chiaranda M (2002) The abdominal compartment syndrome. Clinical relevance. Minerva Anestesiol 68:138–146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Luca A, Cirera I, Garcia-Pagan JC, Feu F, Pizcueta P, Bosch J, Rodes J (1993) Hemodynamic effects of acute changes in intra-abdominal pressure in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 104:222–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Luca A, Feu F, Garcia-Pagan JC, Jimenez W, Arroyo V, Bosch J, Rodes J (1994) Favorable effects of total paracentesis on splanchnic hemodynamics in cirrhotic patients with tense ascites. Hepatology 20:30–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Canis M, Botchorishvili R, Wattiez A, Mage G, Pouly JL, Bruhat MA (1998) Tumor growth and dissemination after laparotomy and CO2 pneumoperitoneum: a rat ovarian cancer model. Obstet Gynecol 92:104–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Kotzampassi K, Metaxas G, Paramythiotis D, Pidonia I, Rekka H, Karamouzis M, Eleftheriadis E (2003) The influence of continuous seven-day elevated intra-abdominal pressure in the renal perfusion in cirrhotic rats. J Surg Res 115:133–138

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Friedlander MH, Simon RJ, Ivatury R, DiRaimo R, Machiedo GW (1998) Effect of hemorrhage on superior mesenteric artery flow during increased intra-abdominal pressures. J Trauma 45:433–489

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Gargiulo NJ, 3rd, Simon RJ, Leon W, Machiedo GW (1998) Hemorrhage exacerbates bacterial translocation at low levels of intra-abdominal pressure. Arch Surg 133:1351–1355

    Google Scholar 

  114. Eleftheriadis E, Kotzampassi K, Papanotas K, Heliadis N, Sarris K (1996) Gut ischemia, oxidative stress, and bacterial translocation in elevated abdominal pressure in rats. World J Surg 20:11–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Kotzampassi K, Paramythiotis D, Eleftheriadis E (2000) Deterioration of visceral perfusion caused by intra-abdominal hypertension in pigs ventilated with positive end-expiratory pressure. Surg Today 30:987–992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, Willatts S, De Mendonca A, Bruining H, Reinhart CK, Suter PM, Thijs LG (1996) The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 22:707–710

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Cocanour CS, Kozar RA, Cox CS, Moore FA (2003) Patients with impending abdominal compartment syndrome do not respond to early volume loading. Am J Surg 186:602–607

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Biffl WL, Moore EE, Burch JM, Offner PJ, Franciose RJ, Johnson JL (2001) Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome is a highly lethal event. Am J Surg 182:645–648

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Maxwell RA, Fabian TC, Croce MA, Davis KA (1999) Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome: an underappreciated manifestation of severe hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 47:995–999

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Gracias VH, Braslow B, Johnson J, Pryor J, Gupta R, Reilly P, Schwab CW (2002) Abdominal compartment syndrome in the open abdomen. Arch Surg 137:1298–1300

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manu L. N. G. Malbrain.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Malbrain, M.L.N.G., Cheatham, M.L., Kirkpatrick, A. et al. Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. I. Definitions. Intensive Care Med 32, 1722–1732 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-006-0349-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-006-0349-5

Keywords

Navigation