Descriptive characteristics by the decision to activate the major hemorrhage protocol prehospital
| Variable | Missing | MHPA (n=142) | No MHPA (n=805) | P value | |
| N (%) | N (%) or median (IQR) | N (%) or median (IQR) | |||
| Patient | Age | 26 (3%) | 29 (20 to 42) | 32 (23 to 47) | 0.0201* |
| Female sex | 26 (3%) | 23 (16%) | 103 (13%) | 0.28† | |
| Penetrating mechanism | 26 (3%) | 74 (52%) | 304 (38%) | 0.002† | |
| ISS | 27 (3%) | 20 (13 to 33) | 10 (2 to 19) | <0.0001* | |
| GCS | 7 (1%) | 13 (5 to 15) | 15 (11 to 15) | <0.0001* | |
| SBP | 19 (2%) | 89 (63 to 113) | 130 (116 to 146) | <0.0001* | |
| HR | 6 (1%) | 100 (74 to 129) | 92 (79 to 106) | 0.0043* | |
| AIS number | 45 (5%) | 3 (2 to 4) | 2 (1 to 3) | <0.0001* | |
| Clinician | Years experience <1 year | 2 (0%) | 108 (76%) | 630 (78%) | 0.79‡ |
| 1 to 5 years | – | 23 (16%) | 118 (15%) | ||
| 5 to 10 years | – | 5 (4%) | 32 (4%) | ||
| >10 years | – | 6 (4%) | 23 (3%) | ||
| Base specialty emergency medicine | 2 (0%) | 76 (54%) | 474 (59%) | 0.09‡ | |
| Anesthetics | – | 58 (41%) | 259 (32%) | ||
| Intensive care | – | 8 (6%) | 71 (9%) | ||
| Environment | Nightshift | 0 (0%) | 77 (54%) | 434 (54%) | >0.99† |
| Biochemistry | pH | 432 (46%) | 7.250 (7.070 to 7.320) | 7.339 (7.290 to 7.380) | <0.0001* |
| Lactate | 358 (38%) | 5.7 (3.3 to 2.2) | 2.6 (1.8 to 4.2) | <0.0001* | |
| Base excess | 433 (46%) | −7.2 (−13.0 to −2.03) | −1.18 (−3.60 to 0.80) | <0.0001* | |
| INR | 165 (17%) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.1) | <0.0001* | |
| Platelets | 9 (1%) | 208 (157 to 260) | 243 (205 to 287) | <0.0001* | |
| Fibrinogen | 182 (19%) | 2.11 (1.69 to 2.58) | 2.44 (2.07 to 2.94) | <0.0001* | |
| Outcome | Blood products in 24 hours | 0 (0%) | 10.5 (3.0 to 20.0) | 0 (0 to 0) | <0.0001* |
| Pre-hospital hemorrhage intervention | 0 (0%) | 26 (18%) | 1 (0.1%) | <0.001† | |
| Hemorrhage control surgery | 0 (0%) | 76 (54%) | 36 (4%) | <0.001† | |
| TCA due to hemorrhage | 0 (0%) | 20 (14.1%) | 3 (0.4%) | <0.001† | |
| Mortality due to hemorrhage | 0 (0%) | 31 (22%) | 10 (1.2%) | <0.001† | |
| Mortality all cause | 0 (0%) | 35 (25%) | 44 (5%) | <0.001† |
*Mann-Whitney U test, two-tailed.
†Fisher’s exact test.
‡χ2 test.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HR, heart rate; INR, international normalized ratio; ISS, Injury Severity Score; MHPA, major hemorrhage protocol activation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TCA, traumatic cardiac arrest.