PICO 1.3 impact of NSAIDs on pain
| Author | Outcome definition | Groups | N | Male, n (%) | Age, years, mean (SD) | Pain outcome | Study conclusions |
| Mehta23 | Pain relief score (mean) at 6 hours | Dipyrone ASA Placebo | 91 93 70 | 74 (81) 65 (70) 54 (77) | 31 (1) 30 (1) 31 (1) | 3 2 1.3 | Clear analgesic effect of single dose of dipyrone compared with ASA and placebo; ASA had worse side effect profile (16% abdominal discomfort). |
| Adolphson17 | Pain (VAS) at 10d, 4, 8 and 12 weeks | Piroxicam Placebo | 14 19 | 0 (0) 0 (0) | NA NA | 2.1 (at 10 days) 3.2 (at 10 days) | Significantly less pain in the Piroxicam group. |
| Weisz16 | Mean pain intensity difference | Ibuprofen Placebo | 54 44 | 38 (72) 34 (77) | 42 (16) 41 (16) | 1.1 (8 hours) 2.5 (8 hours) | Ibuprofen significantly reduces pain after traumatic fractures. |
| McDonald14 | Pain on each postoperative day | Ketorolac No ketorolac | 64 64 | 23 (36) 30 (57) | 48 (15) 46 (17) | 30 (7 days) 30 (7 days) | Ketorolac reduced pain in first 3 days postoperatively. |
| Xu7 | Pain (VAS) at 48 hours | Ketorolac No ketorolac | 31 32 | 16(51) 17 (53) | 50 (11) 49 (12) | 2 (48 hours) 2 (48 hours) | No difference in pain control between ketorolac and no ketorolac groups when used in a postoperative pump. |
| Eftekharian8 | Pain (VAS) at 4 hours | Ketorolac Placebo | 25 25 | 15 (6) 15 (6) | 30 (8) 26 (8) | 1.08 (4 hours) 1.04 (4 hours) | Single-dose ketorolac had limited efficacy on postoperative pain. |
| Bayouth9 | Pain scores during first 7 days | Ibuprofen No Ibuprofen | 21 21 | 13 (62) 17 (81) | 52 (14) 53 (16) | 7 (mean highest) 8 (mean highest) | Significantly less pain during the 7 days post-trauma in the ibuprofen group. |
| Aliuskevicius3 | Pain (VAS) during first 2 weeks | Ibuprofen 3 days Ibuprofen 7 days Placebo | 24 26 30 | 8 (33) 7 (26) 8 (27) | 61 (8) 63 (11) 63 (9) | 3 (day 4) 2.5 (day 4) 4 (day 4) | Significantly less pain in the first 7 days post-trauma in the 3 and 7 days ibuprofen groups. |
ASA, aspirin; d, day; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; VAS, visual analog score.