PICO 2 – summary of all outcomes
| Author | Outcome definition | Groups | N | Male, n (%) | Age, year, mean (SD) | Outcome | Study conclusions |
| Non-union | |||||||
| McDonald14 | Clinical healing (walking) and radiographic healing (blinded review) | Ketorolac No ketorolac | 64 64 | 23 (36) 30 (57) | 48 (15) 46 (17) | 0 (0) 0 (0) | Ketorolac reduced post-op pain and OMEs but unclear effect on healing due to study power. |
| Morphine equivalents | |||||||
| McDonald14 | OME at 7 days | Ketorolac No ketorolac | 64 64 | 23 (36) 30 (57) | 48 (15) 46 (17) | 105 (89) 145 (104) | Decreased use of opioid medications. |
| Xu7 | OME at 48 hours | Ketorolac No ketrolac | 31 32 | 16(51) 17 (53) | 50 (11) 49 (12) | 130 (48 hours) 194 (48 hours) | Significantly less opioid use in ketorolac group. |
| Pain | |||||||
| Xu7 | Pain (VAS) at 48 hours | Ketorolac No ketorolac | 31 32 | 16(51) 17 (53) | 50 (11) 49 (12) | 2 (48 hours) 2 (48 hours) | No difference in pain control between ketorolac and no ketorolac groups. |
| McDonald14 | Pain on each postoperative day | Ketorolac No ketorolac | 64 64 | 23 (36) 30 (57) | 48 (15) 46 (17) | 30 (7 days) 30 (7 days) | Ketorolac reduced pain in first 3 days postoperatively. |
| Eftekharian8 | Pain (VAS) at 4 hours | Ketorolac Placebo | 25 25 | 15 (60) 15 (60) | 30 (8) 26 (8) | 1 (4 hours) 1 (hours) | Single dose ketorolac was effective in the management of mild to moderate acute postoperative pain. |
MME, morphine milligram equivalents; OME, oral morphine equivalent; VAS, visual analog scale.