Implementation outcomes and their definitions, and outcome measures
| Implementation outcomes | Definition | Measures |
| Adoption | Intention, initial decision, or action to try or employ an innovation or evidence-based practice. Adoption may also be called ‘uptake’. | Proportion of participating patients reached by PA interventionist. Of those whose PCP or PCP office representative was reached and PCP confirmed: Proportion of PCPs or PCP delegates participating in at least one consult. Type of health professionals participating in the consultations. |
| Acceptability | Extent to which implementation stakeholders perceive a treatment, service, practice, or innovation to be agreeable, palatable, or satisfactory. | Adaptation of Weiner et al’s Acceptability of Intervention Measures (AIM),14 measured as agree or strongly agree to the following statements: I like the idea of the Collaborative Opioid Taper After Trauma (COTAT) program. The COTAT program meets my approval. |
| Appropriateness | Perceived fit, relevance, or compatibility of the innovation or evidence-based practice for a given practice setting, provider, or consumer; and/or perceived fit of the innovation or evidence-based practice to address a particular issue or problem. | Adaptation of Weiner et al’s Intervention Appropriateness Measures (IAM),14 measured as agree or strongly agree to the following statements: The COTAT program seems applicable to my practice. The COTAT program seems suitable for my practice. |
| Feasibility | Extent to which a new innovation or practice can be successfully used or carried out within a given agency or setting. | Adaptation of Weiner et al’s Feasibility of Intervention Measure (FIM),14 measured as agree or strongly agree to the following statements: The COTAT program seems doable for my practice. The COTAT program seems implementable in my practice. |
| Fidelity | Degree to which an intervention or implementation strategy was delivered as prescribed in the original protocol or as intended by program developers. May include multiple dimensions such as content, process, exposure, and dosage. | Of those patients with a confirmed PCP and PCP or PCP delegate reached: Average number and range in number of consultations per provider. Content of discussion at consultation. Of all patients reached: Content of discussion between PA and patients. Proportion of patients planning to receive trauma follow-up with different types of providers (ie, trauma center, PCP). |
PA, physician assistant; PCP, primary care provider.