Unadjusted and independent associations with treatment timing
| Early I&D | Early irrigation without debridement | Early ORIF | Early antibiotics | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
| Moderate/severe TBI in the ED (GCS<13) | 1.00 (0.33 to 3.01) | 0.31 (0.12 to 0.77) | 0.09 (0.03 to 0.33) | 0.26 (0.10 to 0.65) | 0.10 (0.03 to 0.39) | 0.68 (0.36 to 1.28) | ||
| Fracture location | ||||||||
| Nasal bone | 0.85 (0.27 to 2.69) | 13.36 (3.09 to 57.82) | 37.70 (7.32 to 194.17) | 0.94 (0.38 to 2.32) | 1.17 (0.68 to 2.01) | |||
| Maxillary bone | 0.47 (0.17 to 1.36) | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.49) | 0.35 (0.12 to 0.98) | 0.34 (0.15 to 0.79) | 0.14 (0.04 to 0.50) | 1.19 (0.62 to 2.29) | ||
| Other serious injuries (AIS≥3) | ||||||||
| Head | 0.40 (0.13 to 1.25) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.39) | 0.85 (0.37 to 1.94) | 0.33 (0.15 to 0.73) | 0.14 (0.04 to 0.48) | 0.98 (0.55 to 1.72) | ||
| Neck | 0.13 (0.02 to 1.15) | 0.46 (0.13 to 1.65) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.61) | 0.36 (0.15 to 0.88) | 0.39 (0.16 to 0.96) | |||
| Abdomen | 6.14 (0.14 to 262.26) | 1.11 (0.12 to 10.22) | 0.95 (0.13 to 6.90) | 35.90 (2.24 to 575.25) | 1.88 (0.36 to 9.90) | |||
| OR≤24 hours of arrival | 21.00 (2.53 to 173.93) | 377.26 (18.07 to 999.99) | 4.00 (1.79 to 8.93) | 13.54 (4.62 to 39.73) | 22.31 (8.02 to 62.08) | 154.92 (35.80 to 670.38) | 1.06 (0.64 to 1.76) | |
Bold text indicates statistical significance at a threshold of p<0.05.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; I&D, irrigation and debridement; OR, operating room; TBI, traumatic brain injury.