Descriptive statistics showing infection rates by fracture management practices and open facial fracture details
| All, n=256 | Infection, n=9 (4%) | No infection, n=242 (96%) | |
| Fracture management | |||
| Irrigation and debridement | |||
| I&D | 60 (23%) | 6 (67%) | 53 (22%) |
| Irrigation with no debridement | 171 (67%) | 3 (33%) | 166 (69%) |
| No irrigation or debridement | 25 (10%) | 0 (0%) | 23 (10%) |
| ORIF | 148 (58%) | 9 (100%) | 137 (57%) |
| Antibiotics | 249 (98%) | 9 (100%) | 237 (98%) |
| Treatment timing, counts, and other details | |||
| I&D | |||
| Time to first I&D | 27 (12–51) | 32 (9–208) | 26 (13–47) |
| I&D timing | |||
| Early | 28 (47%) | 3 (50%) | 25 (47%) |
| Delayed | 32 (53%) | 3 (50%) | 28 (53%) |
| I&D count | |||
| 1 | 49 (82%) | 2 (33%) | 46 (87%) |
| 2+ | 11 (18%) | 4 (67%) | 7 (13%) |
| Irrigation without debridement | |||
| Time to first irrigation | 6 (1–19) | 40 (0–155) | 6 (1–18) |
| Irrigation timing | |||
| Early | 134 (78%) | 1 (33%) | 131 (79%) |
| Delayed | 37 (22%) | 2 (67%) | 35 (21%) |
| Irrigation count | |||
| 1 | 151 (88%) | 3 (100%) | 146 (88%) |
| 2+ | 20 (12%) | 0 (0%) | 20 (12%) |
| Open reduction internal fixation | |||
| Time to first ORIF | 24 (11–50) | 16 (9–53) | 24 (11–49) |
| ORIF timing | |||
| Early | 76 (51%) | 5 (56%) | 71 (52%) |
| Delayed | 72 (49%) | 4 (44%) | 66 (48%) |
| ORIF count | |||
| 1 | 113 (76%) | 4 (44%) | 107 (78%) |
| 2+ | 35 (24%) | 5 (56%) | 30 (22%) |
| Antibiotics | |||
| Time to antibiotic initiation | 1 (0–3) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) |
| Initiation timing | |||
| Early | 143 (57%) | 6 (67%) | 136 (57%) |
| Delayed | 106 (43%) | 3 (33%) | 101 (43%) |
| First antibiotic administered (class) | |||
| Cephalosporin | 123 (49%) | 4 (44%) | 117 (50%) |
| Combination, penicillin-beta lactam | 72 (29%) | 3 (33%) | 69 (29%) |
| Lincomycin | 46 (18%) | 2 (22%) | 42 (18%) |
| Penicillin | 4 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (2%) |
| Aminoglycoside | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) |
| Combination, penicillin-glycoprotein | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) |
| Nitroimidazole | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) |
| Initial antibiotic course (days, median (IQR)) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–5) | 1 (0–2) |
| Facial fracture details | |||
| Total open facial fractures | |||
| 1 | 180 (71%) | 5 (56%) | 173 (71%) |
| 2 | 54 (21%) | 3 (33%) | 50 (21%) |
| 3+ | 20 (8%) | 1 (11%) | 19 (8%) |
| Fracture location | |||
| Mandible | 135 (53%) | 8 (89%) | 125 (52%) |
| Nasal bone | 84 (33%) | 1 (11%) | 82 (34%) |
| Maxillary bone | 47 (19%) | 4 (44%) | 43 (18%) |
| Orbital bone | 30 (12%) | 1 (11%) | 29 (12%) |
| Zygomas | 21 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 21 (9%) |
| Frontal bone | 7 (3%) | 1 (11%) | 6 (2%) |
| Highest type open facial fracture | |||
| Type 1 | 63 (25%) | 4 (44%) | 58 (24%) |
| Type 2 | 60 (23%) | 0 (0%) | 58 (24%) |
| Type 3a | 92 (36%) | 1 (11%) | 91 (38%) |
| Type 3b | 29 (11%) | 1 (11%) | 28 (12%) |
| Type 3c | 10 (4%) | 3 (33%) | 7 (3%) |
I&D, irrigation and debridement; ORIF, open reduction internal fixation.