Mild TBI (n=76, 27.0%) | Severe TBI (n=206, 73.0%) | |||
REBOA zone 1 (n=40, 52.6%) | RT (n=36, 47.4%) | REBOA zone 1 (n=107, 51.9%) | RT (n=99, 48.1%) | |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 49.9 (17) | 45.8 (19) | 42.8 (17) | 37.6 (16)* |
Gender, n (%) | ||||
Male | 31 (77.5) | 29 (80.6) | 79 (73.8) | 77 (77.8) |
Female | 9 (22.5) | 7 (19.4) | 28 (26.2) | 22 (22.2) |
ISS, mean (SD) | 29.9 (11) | 34.0 (19) | 42.9 (16) | 43.5 (17) |
Chest AIS score, mean (SD) | 2.8 (1) | 3.1 (2) | 3.1 (1) | 3.4 (2) |
Abdomen AIS score, mean (SD) | 2.8 (2) | 3.1 (2) | 2.6 (2) | 2.8 (2) |
Admission vitals, mean (SD) | ||||
SBP, mm Hg | 105.3 (30) | 99.3 (39) | 99.5 (37) | 105.4 (38) |
HR, bpm | 112.3 (26) | 108.5 (29) | 114.1 (32) | 111.4 (32) |
GCS | 6.8 (5) | 4.8 (4) | 4.3 (3) | 3.5 (2)* |
Hgb, g/L | 11.2 (3) | 9.8 (34) | 11.2 (2) | 10.6 (3) |
InR | 2.2 (3) | 1.6 (1) | 1.9 (2) | 1.8 (1) |
pH | 7.1 (0.2) | 7.1 (0.2) | 7.1 (0.2) | 7.1 (0.2) |
Lactate | 9.1 (5) | 11.1 (5) | 7.9 (5) | 8.8 (5) |
Base deficit (−) | 13.6 (7) | 16.6 (7) | 12.3 (7) | 13.9 (7) |
AO initiation vitals, mean (SD) | ||||
SBP, mm Hg | 75.3 (29) | 74.0 (33) | 79.6 (30) | 86.5 (39) |
HR, bpm | 100.6 (32) | 95.7 (33) | 116.5 (28) | 108.5 (30)* |
GCS | 4.3 (3) | 3.0 (0)* | 3.2 (2) | 3.0 (0) |
Post-AO vitals, mean (SD) | ||||
SBP, mm Hg | 115.8 (40) | 107 (33) | 114.9 (28) | 116.8 (32) |
HR, bpm | 98.3 (30) | 104.1 (34) | 112.3 (29) | 102.9 (31)* |
GCS | 4.1 (3) | 3.0 (0.2) | 3.2 (1) | 3.0 (0.3) |
Change after AO, mean (SD) | ||||
Change in SBP, mm Hg | 49.0 (45) | 25.0 (49) | 36.5 (36) | 0.9 (63)** |
Change in HR, bpm | 5.2 (29) | −11.2 (16) | −3.2 (22) | 5.5 (29) |
Change in GCS | −0.2 (0.9) | 0.03 (0.2) | −0.1 (1) | 0.03 (0.3) |
Lowest base deficit (−), mean (SD) | 15.3 (6.9) | 17.1 (6) | 13.6 (7) | 15.0 (6) |
Highest InR, mean (SD) | 1.8 (0.9) | 1.8 (1) | 2.3 (3) | 2.0 (1) |
Highest lactate, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 10.5 (6) | 11.6 (5) | 9.6 (5) | 10.2 (5) |
Lowest Hgb, mean (SD) | 9.6 (2.9) | 8.0 (4) | 9.2 (3) | 9.1 (3) |
Lowest pH, mean (SD) | 7.0 (0.2) | 7.0 (0.2) | 7.1 (0.2) | 7.0 (0.2) |
CPR in progress on arrival, n (%) | 9 (22.5) | 13 (36.1) | 24 (22.4) | 42 (42.4)** |
CPR duration, minutes, mean (SD) | 16 (19) | 16 (12) | 14 (12) | 22 (15)** |
CPR during AO, n (%) | 14 (35.0) | 30 (83.3)** | 30 (28.0) | 81 (81.8)** |
Duration of initial AO, minutes, mean (SD) | 34.8 (32) | 31.4 (22) | 52.5 (62) | 32.4 (36)* |
Resuscitation products, mean (SD) | ||||
Packed red blood cells | 17.8 (16) | 16.4 (14) | 17.8 (15) | 13.9 (14)* |
Fresh frozen plasma | 13.9 (15) | 13.3 (14) | 14.3 (13) | 9.6 (13)** |
Platelets | 10.1 (19) | 4.9 (9) | 6.3 (10) | 5.4 (10) |
Cryoprecipitate | 3.3 (9) | 1.3 (3) | 1.5 (6) | 1.4 (3) |
Crystalloids | 3.7 (2) | 2.9 (3) | 5.0 (7) | 3.5 (4) |
*P<0.05, **P<0.01.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; AO, aortic occlusion; bpm, beats per minute; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; Hgb, hemoglobin; HR, heart rate; InR, international normalized ratio; ISS, Injury Severity Score; REBOA, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion; RT, resuscitative thoracotomy; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TBI, traumatic brain injury.