Patient demographics, injury severity, physiological variables, intubating operator level of training, periprocedural oxygenation, neuromuscular blocking agent, and device used for laryngoscopy
| First pass success without hypoxemia n=167 | No first pass success without hypoxemia n=79 | Difference (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (mean) | 36 | 44 | −8 (−3.3 to −12.7) | 0.001 |
| ISS (mean) | 34 | 31 | −2.9 (−7.8 to 2.2) | 0.25 |
| GCS (mean) | 10 | 9.3 | −0.7 (−1.9 to 0.5) | 0.25 |
| GCS, median (IQR) | 11 (6, 14) | 9 (6, 13.5) | ||
| GCS score 13–15 (n) | 73 (43.7%) | 23 (29.1%) | 14.6% (2.1 to 27.1) | 0.03 |
| Heart rate (mean) | 100 | 93 | −6.7 (−13.9 to 0.4) | 0.06 |
| Systolic BP (mean) | 133 | 131 | −2.0 (−10.7 to 6.7) | 0.65 |
| Respiratory rate (mean) | 21 | 21 | 0.05 (−2.0 to 2.0) | 0.99 |
| Head or facial injury (n) | 76 (46%) | 32 (40%) | 5.0% (−8.2 to 18.2) | 0.38 |
| Penetrating injury (n) | 48 (28.7%) | 15 (18.9%) | 9.8% (−2.0 to 20) | 0.10 |
| Operator training level (n) | ||||
| Attending | 45 (27%) | 19 (24%) | 3% (−9.1 to 13.8) | 0.62 |
| EM PGY 4 | 16 (10%) | 4 (5%) | 5% (−3.1 to 11.2) | 0.19 |
| EM PGY 3 | 29 (17%) | 18 (23%) | −5.4% (−16.3 to 5.5) | 0.26 |
| EM PGY 2 | 49 (29%) | 20 (25%) | 4.0% (−7.8 to 15.8) | 0.51 |
| EM PGY 1 | 28 (17%) | 18 (23%) | −6.0% (−17.5 to 4.1) | 0.26 |
| Oxygen saturation | ||||
| O2 pre-RSI (mean) | 97% | 97% | −0% (−2 to 2) | 0.99 |
| Hypoxemia at confirmation (n) | 0 (0%) | 59 (75%) | 75% (65 to 84) | <0.0001 |
| O2 at time of confirmation (mean) | 96% | 85% | −11% (−12 to −8.3) | <0.0001 |
| Laryngoscopic device (n) | ||||
| Direct | 159 (95%) | 77 (97%) | −2.3% (−7 to 2.5) | 0.47 |
| Video | 8 (5%) | 2 (2.5%) | 2.3% (−2.5 to 7) | 0.36 |
| NMBA (n) | ||||
| Succinylcholine | 121 (72.5%) | 44 (55.7%) | 16.8% (4.1 to 29.4) | 0.01 |
| Rocuronium | 46 (27.5%) | 35 (44.3%) | −16.8% (−4.1 to −29.4) | 0.01 |
O2=SpO2. Hypoxemia=SpO2<90%. O2 pre-RSI=most recent SpO2 obtained before the RSI medications were administered. O2 at time of confirmation=the lowest SpO2 after induction and within 2 min after confirmation of intubation.
BP, blood pressure; EM, emergency medicine; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score; NMBA, neuromuscular blocking agent; RSI, rapid sequence intubation.