Table 1

Studies reporting on treatments of asymptomatic BCVI and stroke/healing outcomes

Author (identification)State or countryYearStudy designPatient populationDateScreening protocolScreened (n)Patients with BCVI
(n)		TreatmentOutcomes measured
Cothren et al22Denver2004Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma1996–2002Denver643114 CAIAntithrombotic vs. no treatmentStroke
Snow et al13Australia2015Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma2006–2011NoNA41Antithrombotic vs. no treatmentStroke
Biffl et al24Denver1999Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma1990–1999Denver*NA76Heparin vs. no heparinVessel healing
Wei et al11Canada2010Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma2006–2009Denver22227Medical vs. endovascular vs. no treatmentStroke
Miller et al6Memphis2001Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma1995–1999NANA96Heparin vs. aspirin vs. no treatmentStroke
Stein et al19Baltimore2009Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma2003–2005NANA147Any treatment vs. no treatmentStroke
Cothren et al21Denver2005Prospective cohortGrade III CAI1996–2005NANA140Stent vs. no stentStroke
Malhotra et al20Virginia2007Prospective cohortBlunt trauma2005–2007Yes†11926Anticoagulation vs. antiplatelet vs. stentStroke
Wagenaar et al10Denver2014Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma1997–2013DenverNA582Any treatment vs. no treatmentStroke and vessel healing
Callcut et al16Cincinnati2012Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma with TBI1998–2008NoNA77Any treatment vs. no treatmentStroke
Burlew et al14Denver2014Retrospective cohortGrade II/III BCVI1996–2011DenverNA195Antithrombotic vs. stentStroke
DiCocco et al17Memphis2011Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma2005–2009MemphisNA200Antithrombotic vs. stentStroke
Miller et al23Memphis2002Prospective cohortBlunt traumaUnknown vs. 1995–1999MemphisNA63Antithrombotic vs. no treatmentStroke
Biffl et al2Denver2000Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma1996–1999Yes†NA38 VAIHeparin vs. no heparinStroke
Cothren9Denver2009Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma1997–2007DenverNA282Heparin vs. aspirin vs. dual platelet vs. no treatmentStroke
Biffl et al7Denver2002Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma1990–2001Yes†NA171Heparin vs. aspirinStroke and vessel healing
Lebl et al15Boston2013Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma2007–2010No25341 VAINone vs. aspirin vs. heparin/coumadinStroke
Hwang et al18Australia2010Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma2003–2006NoNA67Anticoagulation vs. antiplatelet vs. stentStroke
Catapano et al5Phoenix2020Retrospective cohortBlunt trauma2010–2017DenverNA94Medical vs. endovascular vs. no treatmentStroke

  • *Began in 1996.

  • †Institution-specific.

  • BCVI, blunt cerebrovascular injury; CAI, carotid artery injury; NA, not available; TBI, traumatic brain injury; VAI, vertebral artery injury.