Overall demographics, trauma scores, mechanism of injury, clinical outcomes and disposition of the three injury severity groups segregated based on their ISS for the two separate databases used in the study, including TD-1 (University of Pittsburgh) and TD-2 (Indiana University)
| ISS-based groups | TD-1 (University of Pittsburgh) | TD-2 (Indiana University) | ||||||
| Mild (1–15) n=180 | Moderate (16–24) n=170 | Severe (≥25) n=122 | P value | Mild (1–15) n=12 | Moderate (16–24) n=21 | Severe (≥25) n=56 | P value | |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age (year) | 52 (37.8–64.3) | 52 (35–64) | 37 (26.0–51.8) | <0.001*† | 34 (26.5–49.8) | 43 (33.5–49.0) | 34 (22.5–45.0) | 0.05 |
| Sex, M/F | M=125 F=55 | M=118 F=52 | M=87 F=35 | 0.93 | M=12 F=0 | M=15 F=6 | M=41 F=15 | 0.12 |
| Trauma scores | ||||||||
| ISS | 10 (9–13) | 19 (17–21) | 34 (28–38) | <0.001*†‡ | 13.5 (9–14) | 21 (17–22) | 36 (30–43) | <0.001*† |
| Marshall Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score, average days1–7 | 0.4 (0–1.3) | 0.6 (0–2) | 1.4 (0.4–2.8) | <0.001*† | 1.4 (0.8–3.5) | 2.5 (1.0–4.8) | 4.3 (2.3–6.4) | 0.003* |
| Abbreviated Injury Scale 2005–update 2008 version | ||||||||
| Head and neck | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–3) | 3 (0–4) | <0.001*† | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–3) | 2 (0–3) | 0.037* |
| Face | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–2) | 0.016* | 1 (1–2) | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 0.4 |
| Chest | 1 (0–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2-4) | <0.001*†‡ | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–4) | 0.7 |
| Abdomen | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (0–4) | <0.001*†‡ | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (0–4) | 0.066 |
| Extremities | 0 (0–2) | 2 (0–2) | 3 (2–3) | <0.001*†‡ | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 0.2 |
| External | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 0.59 | 0 (0–1) | 2 (0–2) | 4 (1.75–4.0) | <0.001*† |
| Mechanism of injury | ||||||||
| Motor vehicle crashes, n (%) | 100 (55.6) | 98 (57.7) | 71 (58.2) | 0.88 | 8 (66.7) | 11 (52.4) | 37 (66.1) | 0.88 |
| Motorcycle, n (%) | 16 (8.9) | 14 (8.2) | 23 (18.9) | 0.008 | 2 (16.7) | 2 (9.5) | 4 (7.1) | 0.64 |
| Fall, n (%) | 45 (25) | 39 (22.9) | 18 (14.8) | 0.09 | 0 (0) | 2 (9.5) | 3 (5.4) | 0.81 |
| Other, n (%) | 19 (10.6) | 19 (11.2) | 10 (8.2) | 0.69 | 2 (16.7) | 6 (28.6) | 12 (21.4) | 0.80 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||||||
| Intensive care unit LOS (days) | 2 (1–4) | 4 (2–7) | 10 (4–17) | <0.001*†‡ | 3 (2.3–4.8) | 5 (3.0–12.5) | 9 (4–17) | <0.001* |
| Total hospital LOS (days) | 6.5 (4.0–11.3) | 9 (6–15) | 16 (10–27) | <0.001*†‡ | 5 (4–8) | 15 (9.0–21.5) | 17 (9.3–25.8) | <0.001*‡ |
| Mechanical ventilation (days) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–2) | 4.5 (1.0–12.8) | <0.001*† | 2 (2.0–3.8) | 3 (0–9.5) | 5 (2–14) | 0.082 |
| Nosocomial infection, n (%) | 29 (16.1) | 41 (24.1) | 57 (46.7) | <0.001 | 1 (8.3) | 7 (33.3) | 26 (46.4) | 0.032 |
| Disposition | ||||||||
| Home, n (%) | 112 (62.2) | 75 (44.1) | 43 (35.2) | <0.001 | 6 (50.0) | 8 (38.1) | 17 (30.3) | 0.66 |
| Other facilities, n (%) | 68 (37.8) | 95 (55.9) | 79 (64.8) | <0.001 | 6 (50.0) | 13 (61.2) | 39 (69.6) | 0.82 |
| Physiological and biochemical parameters | ||||||||
| Shock index (heart rate/systolic blood pressure) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | <0.001*† | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.009 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 130 (112–148) | 130 (112–148) | 118 (95–136) | <0.001*† | 125 (110–136) | 139 (124–142) | 110 (92–128) | 0.001 |
| Base deficit (mEq/L) | 4 (7–1) | 4 (6–3) | 6 (9–3) | 0.001*† | 3 (6.5–2.0) | 4 (6.5–3.0) | 5.5 (8–3) | 0.17 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.3 (1.3–3.3) | 2.4 (1.4–3.5) | 3.2 (2.1–4.4) | <0.001*† | 2.1 (1.2–4.1) | 2.9 (2.5–4.5) | 4.2 (2.9–5.6) | 0.31 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1 (0.8–1.1) | 1 (0.8–1.2) | 1 (0.9–1.3) | 0.099 | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 0.45 |
| White blood cell count (×103/µL) | 13.4 (10.6–16.9) | 14.0 (10.5–18.9) | 16.0 (11.8–21.3) | <0.001* | 15.8 (9.3–17.6) | 16.8 (14.0–19.9) | 18.2 (12.5–26) | 0.13 |
| International normalized ratio | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | <0.001*† | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 0.005*† |
The mild ISS group (ISS: 1–15, n=180 and n=12), moderate ISS group (ISS: 16–24, n=170 and n=21) and severe ISS group (ISS: ≥25, n=122 and n=56) in TD-1 and TD-2, respectively.
Values are expressed as median (IQR).
P<0.05 by one-way analysis of variance.
*Mild versus severe.
†Moderate versus severe.
‡Mild versus moderate.
ISS, Injury Severity Score; LOS, length of stay; TD-1, trauma database-1 ; TD-2, trauma database-2 .