Demographics, clinical characteristics and emergency department (ED) visit utilization reporting patterns (n=169)
| Characteristic | No ED visits n=75 | Matching ED visits n=18 | P value | All matching n=93 | Over- reporting n=36 | Under- reporting n=40 | P value | Post hoc differences |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 41.2 (18.0) | 37.9 (11.3) | 0.46 | 40.6 (16.9) | 44.3 (14.9) | 43.5 (14.2) | 0.4 | |
| Female, n (%) | 38 (50.7) | 14 (77.8) | 0.06 | 52 (55.9) | 20 (55.6) | 24 (60.0) | 0.98 | |
| Race, n (%) | ||||||||
| White | 45 (60.0) | 10 (55.6) | 55 (59.1) | 21 (58.3) | 18 (45.0) | |||
| African-American | 11 (14.7) | 3 (16.7) | 14 (15.1) | 6 (16.7) | 7 (17.5) | |||
| Native American | 5 (6.7) | 1 (5.6) | 0.9 | 6 (6.5) | 5 (13.9) | 11 (27.5) | 0.08 | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 7 (9.3) | 3 (16.7) | 10 (10.8) | 3 (8.3) | 1 (2.5) | |||
| Hispanic | 7 (9.3) | 1 (5.6) | 8 (8.6) | 1 (2.8) | 3 (7.5) | |||
| Homeless at baseline | 4 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 1 | 4 (4.3) | 1 (2.8) | 9 (22.5) | 0.001 | UR>others |
| Public insurance | 73 (97.3) | 18 (100) | 1 | 91 (97.8) | 34 (94.4) | 38 (95.0) | 0.36 | |
| Mental health and substance use | ||||||||
| Risk for PTSD, n (%) | 52 (69.3) | 14 (77.8) | 0.57 | 66 (71.0) | 27 (75.0) | 34 (85.0) | 0.23 | |
| Current moderate depression, n (%) | 67 (89.3) | 17 (94.4) | 1 | 84 (90.3) | 35 (97.2) | 36 (90.0) | 0.4 | |
| Current suicidality | 23 (30.7) | 3 (16.7) | 0.38 | 26 (28.0) | 6 (16.7) | 9 (22.5) | 0.39 | |
| Current alcohol use disorder | 34 (45.3) | 10 (55.6) | 0.6 | 44 (47.3) | 18 (50.0) | 21 (52.5) | 0.85 | |
| History of alcohol use | 6 (8.0) | 2 (11.1) | 0.65 | 8 (8.6) | 5 (13.9) | 10 (25.0) | 0.04 | Match<UR |
| History of major psychiatric illness | 20 (26.7) | 5 (27.8) | 1 | 25 (26.9) | 10 (27.8) | 19 (47.5) | 0.05 | Match<UR |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||
| Injury Severity Score | 11.1 (17.2) | 11.4 (12.0) | 0.08 | 11.2 (16.2) | 13.0 (15.3) | 9.6 (12.5) | 0.23 | |
| ICU admit, n (%) | 51 (68.0) | 8 (44.4) | 0.1 | 59 (63.4) | 20 (55.6) | 17 (42.5) | 0.08 | |
ICU, intensive care unit; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; UR, under reporting.