Total billing associated with specific patient characteristics
| Without variable | With variable | P value | |
| Patient demographics | |||
| Male | $83 932±$76 184 | $101 146±$159 561 | 0.52 |
| Age (years) | |||
| <40 | $74 472±$57 566 | $116 215±$184 729 | 1.00 |
| 40–64 | $110 436±$176 614 | $76 861±$60 208 | 0.67 |
| >64 | $97 996±$141 640 | $54 566±$23 888 | 0.34 |
| Out-of-town visitor* | $97 644±$140 365 | $42 538±$486 | 0.27 |
| Motor vehicle involvement | $90 058±$123 940 | $116 906±$187 586 | 0.09 |
| Helmet use | $97126±$140 459 | $56 760±$35 898 | 0.59 |
| Any intoxication† | $69 558±$47 148 | $110 965±$169 250 | 0.97 |
| Positive BAL‡ | $92 917±$128 932 | $97 741±$146 536 | 0.83 |
| Positive urine toxicology | $92 724±$127 266 | $108 198±$184 068 | 0.58 |
| BIBA§ | $116 214±$232 187 | $88 304±$103 760 | 0.20 |
| Clinical course | |||
| Number of consultations | |||
| 0–2 | $224 165±$306 098 | $71 625±$55 326 | 0.03 |
| >2 | $71 625±$55 326 | $224 165±$306 098 | 0.03 |
| Injuries | |||
| ISS | |||
| 0–5 | $110 105±$157 562 | $55 404±$36 708 | 0.01 |
| 6–9 | $111 547±$177 735 | $76 828±$64 825 | 0.78 |
| 10–14 | $85 095±$106 651 | $128 314±$209 823 | 0.05 |
| >14 | $84 091±$116 853 | $415 245±$347 573 | 0.03 |
| Concussion | $70 494±$48 323 | $116 859±$180 833 | 0.34 |
| Intracranial bleed¶ | $84 652±$44 214 | $104 100±$15 626 | 0.04 |
| TBI | $80 629±$94 358 | $510 434±$482 190 | 0.03 |
| Extremity fracture | $118 547±$213 981 | $87 020±$113 898 | 0.72 |
| Face fracture | $121 666±$182 678 | $64 763±$30 240 | 0.90 |
Results in text reported as difference between value in ‘With variable’ column as compared to ‘Without variable’ column. For example, male patients had an average total billing of $101 146 as compared to female patients with an average total billing of $83 932, amounting to an increased cost of $17 214 for male patients as compared to female patients.
*As reported by patient or clinical plan for follow-up visits.
†Intoxication defined as defined by clinical evaluation, positive BAL or urine toxicology.
‡BAL >11 mmol/L.
§Patient brought in by ambulance (BIBA).
¶Intracranial head bleeds including subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma and intraventricular hemorrhage.
BAL, blood alcohol level; ISS, Injury Severity Score; TBI, traumatic brain injury.