Patient characteristics by trauma center verification level
| Patient characteristic | Trauma center verification level | P value | ||
| All | Level 1 | Level 2 | ||
| n | 10 182 | 3731 | 6451 | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 82.7 (8.6) | 82.6 (8.7) | 82.7 (8.5) | 0.8 |
| Age (%) | 0.2 | |||
| 65–74 years | 21.2 | 21.8 | 20.8 | |
| 75–84 years | 33.8 | 32.9 | 34.4 | |
| ≥85 years | 45.0 | 45.3 | 44.8 | |
| Male (%) | 31.3 | 32.1 | 30.9 | 0.2 |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | |||
| White | 91.0 | 87.1 | 93.1 | |
| Black | 6.8 | 9.8 | 5.2 | |
| Other | 2.3 | 3.1 | 1.7 | |
| Injury Severity Score (%) | 0.1 | |||
| 9 | 78.0 | 79.0 | 77.4 | |
| 10 | 21.5 | 20.6 | 22.0 | |
| 11 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | |
| AIS head/neck=1 (%) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 |
| AIS chest=1 (%) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| AIS abdomen=1 (%) | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.7 |
| ED heart rate (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 51–120 bpm | 92.0 | 89.5 | 93.4 | |
| >120 bpm | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | |
| 0–50 bpm | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | |
| Missing | 5.9 | 8.4 | 4.5 | |
| ED systolic blood pressure (%) | <0.001 | |||
| >90 mm Hg | 93.2 | 90.8 | 94.5 | |
| 61–90 mm Hg | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| ≤60 mm Hg | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.1 | |
| Missing | 6.2 | 8.6 | 4.7 | |
| Glasgow Coma Scale motor (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 1 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.1 | |
| 2–5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.6 | |
| 6 | 83.0 | 78.5 | 85.6 | |
| Missing | 15.5 | 20.3 | 12.7 | |
| Transfer in (%) | 10.9 | 14.3 | 8.7 | <0.001 |
| Intubated (%) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
| Comorbid diseases % | ||||
| Active chemotherapy | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| Advanced directive limiting care | 12.6 | 8.7 | 14.9 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 0.1 |
| Angina | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
| Bleeding risk | 24.7 | 23.7 | 25.2 | 0.1 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 0.6 |
| COPD | 13.4 | 13.8 | 13.2 | 0.4 |
| Chronic renal failure | 2.2 | 2.8 | 1.8 | <0.01 |
| Congestive heart failure | 10.0 | 11.3 | 9.3 | <0.01 |
| Current smoker | 9.8 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| Dementia | 26.7 | 24.9 | 27.8 | <0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 20.2 | 20.0 | 20.4 | 0.6 |
| Disseminated cancer | 1.1 | 1.5 | 0.9 | <0.01 |
| Drug use disorder | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.0 | <0.01 |
| Functionally dependent health status | 49.4 | 47.3 | 50.6 | <0.01 |
| History of myocardial infarction | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Hypertension requiring medication | 67.7 | 66.5 | 68.4 | 0.1 |
| Liver disease | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
| Major psychiatric illness | 22.9 | 23.7 | 22.5 | 0.1 |
| Obesity | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 0.3 |
| Steroid use | 4.0 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 0.3 |
| Therapeutic anticoagulation | 18.9 | 18.2 | 19.3 | 0.2 |
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; bpm, beats per minute; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED, emergency department; mm Hg, millimeters of mercury.