Variable | Mortality or hospice | Complications | Hospital length of stay | |||
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | Incidence rate ratio (95% CI) | P value | |
Demographics | ||||||
65–74 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
75–84 years | 1.94 (1.33 to 2.83) | <0.01 | 1.19 (0.90 to 1.57) | 0.22 | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.06) | 0.05 |
≥85 years | 3.33 (2.27 to 4.89) | >0.001 | 1.30 (0.92 to 1.84) | 0.14 | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.06) | 0.07 |
Male | 1.33 (1.07 to 1.65) | <0.01 | 1.46 (1.22 to 1.75) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.05 to 1.09) | <0.001 |
Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
White | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Black | 1.05 (0.64 to 1.75) | 0.84 | 1.40 (0.99 to 1.99) | 0.06 | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.21) | <0.01 |
Other | 0.39 (0.13 to 1.15) | 0.09 | 0.92 (0.52 to 1.63) | 0.78 | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18) | <0.01 |
Not insured | 1.53 (0.63 to 3.75) | 0.35 | 1.78 (1.08 to 2.93) | <0.05 | 1.01 (0.89 to 1.14) | 0.91 |
Hospital factors | ||||||
Level 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Level 2 | 0.70 (0.47 to 1.06) | 0.09 | 0.93 (0.71 to 1.22) | 0.61 | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.05) | 0.32 |
Admitted to orthopedics | 0.59 (0.29 to 1.21) | 0.15 | 0.61 (0.40 to 0.94) | <0.05 | 0.89 (0.81 to 0.98) | <0.05 |
Admitted to trauma | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Admitted to other | 0.92 (0.64 to 1.30) | 0.63 | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.19) | 0.45 | 0.97 (0.90 to 1.03) | 0.33 |
Delay >48 h | 1.52 (1.13 to 2.06) | <0.01 | 1.90 (1.54 to 2.35) | <0.001 | 1.46 (1.39 to 1.53) | <0.001 |
Clinical measures | ||||||
ISS: 9 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
ISS: 10 | 1.35 (1.09 to 1.67) | <0.01 | 1.32 (1.10 to 1.58) | <0.01 | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 0.12 |
ISS: 11 | 0.37 (0.04 to 3.47) | 0.38 | 1.63 (0.74 to 3.62) | 0.23 | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.16) | 0.47 |
AIS chest=1 | 2.13 (0.52 to 8.77) | 0.30 | 2.35 (1.04 to 5.31) | 0.08 | 1.11 (0.85 to 1.44) | 0.44 |
ED systolic BP: >90 mm Hg | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
ED systolic BP: 61–90 mm Hg | 3.49 (1.29 to 9.45) | <0.05 | 1.98 (0.93 to 4.21) | 0.08 | 1.14 (0.99 to 1.30) | 0.06 |
ED systolic BP: ≤60 mm Hg | (Omitted by model) | (Omitted by model) | 1.02 (0.91 to 1.27) | 0.88 | ||
ED systolic BP: missing | 1.19 (0.43 to 3.31) | 0.74 | 1.21 (0.59 to 2.47) | 0.60 | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.26) | <0.05 |
ED heart rate: 51–120 bpm | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
ED heart rate: >120 bpm | 0.67 (0.22 to 2.06) | 0.48 | 0.79 (0.37 to 1.67) | 0.54 | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.17) | 0.05 |
ED heart rate: 0–50 bpm | 0.91 (0.29 to 2.89) | 0.87 | 1.21 (0.57 to 2.58) | 0.62 | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.15) | 0.42 |
ED heart rate: missing | 0.98 (0.38 to 2.52) | 0.96 | 0.62 (0.29 to 1.34) | 0.23 | 0.94 (0.88 to 1.02) | 0.12 |
Intubated | 2.12 (0.43 to 10.54) | 0.36 | 4.15 (1.55 to 11.11) | <0.01 | 1.75 (1.27 to 2.41) | <0.01 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Functionally dependent health status | 1.80 (1.39 to 2.34) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.02 to 1.50) | <0.05 | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.10) | <0.001 |
Congestive heart failure | 1.38 (1.01 to 1.89) | <0.05 | 1.76 (1.37 to 2.24) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.18) | <0.01 |
Advanced directive limiting care | 2.21 (1.60 to 3.05) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.69 to 1.14) | 0.36 | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.02) | 0.55 |
Liver disease | 4.20 (2.04 to 8.64) | <0.001 | 1.63 (0.76 to 3.48) | 0.21 | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.24) | 0.22 |
Chronic renal failure | 1.50 (0.74 to 3.04) | 0.26 | 1.46 (0.93 to 2.29) | 0.09 | 1.18 (1.08 to 1.30) | <0.001 |
COPD | 1.16 (0.87 to 1.54) | 0.31 | 1.67 (1.37 to 2.04) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.07 to 1.15) | <0.001 |
Angina | 2.80 (1.55 to 5.05) | <0.01 | 1.70 (0.84 to 3.44) | 0.14 | 0.95 (0.83 to 1.10) | 0.53 |
Cerebrovascular accident | 1.26 (0.78 to 2.02) | 0.34 | 1.28 (0.91 to 1.80) | 0.16 | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.17) | <0.01 |
Steroid use | 0.85 (0.46 to 1.58) | 0.61 | 0.79 (0.49 to 1.26) | 0.32 | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.06) | 0.97 |
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; BP, blood pressure; bpm, beats per minute; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED, emergency department; ISS, Injury Severity Score; mm Hg, millimeters of mercury.;