Distribution of injury severity across different crystalloid volume groups and dose-dependent effect of crystalloid resuscitation on morbidity and mortality
| N=348* | 0–5 L (n=86) | 5–10 L (n=168) | 10–15 L (n=75) | >15 L (n=19) | P value |
| Age (years) | 48 (32–64) | 46 (26–61) | 45 (28–61) | 40 (33–55) | 0.24 |
| Male gender | 57 (66%) | 117 (70%) | 55 (73%) | 13 (68%) | 0.46 |
| Urgent laparotomy | 4 (5%) | 36 (21%) | 31 (41%) | 11 (58%) | <0.001† |
| Pelvic fracture | 25 (29%) | 40 (24%) | 27 (36%) | 8 (42%) | 0.14 |
| ISS | 22 (17–29) | 29 (24–35) | 34 (24–38) | 29 (24–41) | <0.001† |
| SBP_ED (mm Hg) | 135 (117–150) | 120 (100–137) | 106 (83–120) | 105 (75–136) | <0.001† |
| SBP <90 mmHg_ED | 7 (8%) | 28 (17%) | 24 (32%) | 8 (42%) | <0.001† |
| Hb_ED (mmol/L) | 8.4 (7.8–9.2) | 8.0 (7.4–8.9) | 7.4 (6.5–8.4) | 7.6 (6.3–8.6) | <0.001† |
| BD_ED (mmol/L) | 1.0 (-1.0–3.8) | 2.5 (0.0–5.0) | 5.0 (2.5–9.0) | 8.0 (3.6–9.3) | <0.001† |
| PT_ED (s) | 13.9 (12.4–15.2) | 14.5 (13.2–16.5) | 16.0 (14.0–18.6) | 17.5 (14.7–19.2) | <0.001† |
| Hb_ICU (mmol/L) | 8.0 (7.3–8.5) | 7.6 (6.8–8.3) | 7.1 (6.5–7.7) | 7.4 (6.3–7.9) | <0.001† |
| BD_ICU | 2.8 (1.4–5.3) | 3.9 (1.5–6.2)) | 4.9 (2.5–7.5) | 4.2 (3.1–7.9) | <0.001† |
| PRBC <24 hours (U) | 0 (0–0) | 1 (0–4) | 5 (2–9) | 7 (2–14) | <0.001† |
| FFP <24 hours (U) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–4) | 5 (2–8) | 4 (2–12) | <0.001† |
| PLT <24 hours (U) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | <0.001† |
| Ventilator days | 3 (2–8) | 7 (2–11) | 8 (5–12) | 12 (9–22) | <0.001† |
| ICU-LOS (days) | 5 (2–9) | 8 (4–15) | 9 (6–14) | 17 (9–24) | <0.001† |
| H-LOS (days) | 15 (10–23) | 24 (15–34) | 23 (9–34) | 35 (16–54) | <0.001† |
| MODS | 8 (9%) | 27 (16%) | 19 (25%) | 8 (42%) | <0.001† |
| ARDS | 1 (1%) | 8 (5%) | 3 (4%) | 2 (11%) | 0.10 |
| Infectious complications | 27 (31%) | 84 (50%) | 36 (48%) | 12 (63%) | 0.007† |
| Mortality | 6 (7%) | 17 (10%) | 21 (28%) | 6 (32%) | <0.001† |
Data are expressed as median (IQR) or absolute numbers (%).
*Nineteen patients stayed in ICU less than 24 hours; therefore, they did not have crystalloid and blood product measurement for full 24 hours.
†Statistically significant.
ARDS, adult respiratory distress syndrome; BD, base deficit; FFP, fresh frozen plasma; Hb, hemoglobin; H-LOS, hospital length of stay; ICU, intensive care unit; ISS, Injury Severity Score; LOS, length of stay; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; PLT, platelet; PRBC, packed red blood cell; PT, prothrombin time; SBP, systolic blood pressure.