Patient management and outcomes according to the intervention period
| Parameter | All patients (n=125) | Before cohort (n=59)* | After cohort (n=66)† | P value |
| Outcomes (%) | ||||
| 24 h mortality | 36 (28.8) | 23 (39.0) | 13 (19.7) | 0.02 |
| In-hospital mortality | 62 (49.6) | 38 (64.4) | 24 (36.4) | 0.002 |
| Mortality owing to exsanguination | 35 (28.0) | 23 (39.0) | 12 (18.2) | 0.005 |
| Survivor with TRISS-PS<25% | 14 (11.2) | 1 (1.7) | 13 (19.7) | <0.001 |
| Number of patients who underwent CT before hemostasis | 85 (68.0) | 40 (67.8) | 45 (68.2) | 0.96 |
| REBOA (%) | 20 (16.0) | 4 (6.8) | 16 (24.2) | 0.008 |
| Time to initiate primary hemostasis (min) | 55.0 (34.0–82.0) | 71.5 (53.8–130.8) | 41.0 (27.0–59.0) | <0.001 |
| Number of patients who underwent IR for primary hemostasis | 62 (49.6) | 28 (47.5) | 34 (51.5) | 0.65 |
| Prehemostasis-administered transfusions (mL) | ||||
| RBCs | 560.0 (280.0–1120.0) | 560.0 (0.0–840.0) | 560.0 (560.0–1120.0) | 0.001 |
| FFP | 0.0 (0–240.0) | 0.0 (0–60.0) | 240.0 (0–480.0) | <0.001 |
| FFP:RBCs | 0.0 (0.0–0.4) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.2 (0.0–0.4) | <0.001 |
| Total amount of blood transfusions in the first 24 h (units) | ||||
| RBCs | 16.0 (8.0–25.5) | 19.0 (6.0–32.5) | 15.0 (8.0–20.0) | 0.46 |
| FFP | 8.0 (4.0–18.0) | 12.0 (4.0–20.5) | 9.0 (6.0–20.0) | 0.20 |
| FFP:RBCs | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 0.6 (0.3–0.7) | 0.8 (0.5–1.0) | <0.001 |
| Platelet | 10.0 (0.0–20.0) | 10.0 (0.0–20.0) | 0.0 (0.0–20.0) | 0.59 |
| Massive transfusion (≥10 units of RBCs within 24 h) (%) | 86 (68.8) | 36 (61.0) | 50 (75.8) | 0.08 |
*Admitted between January 2011 and September 2014.
†Admitted between October 2014 and January 2019.
FFP, fresh frozen plasma; IR, interventional radiology; RBCs, red blood cells; REBOA, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta; TRISS-PS, probability of survival calculated by the Trauma and Injury Severity Score.