Trauma assessment steps—evaluated by the main researcher
| Criteria | Failure | |
| Airway | A.1 Protection of cervical spine (either manual stabilization or application of cervical collar) | Observer did not observe cervical protection. |
| A.2 Deliver oxygen if respiratory rate or oximetry were abnormal | No use of oxygen when the patient had abnormal RR. | |
| Breathing | B.1 Measurement of respiratory rate | No RR was verbalized during initial assessment or written in medical record. |
| B.2 Immediate treatment for open pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, massive hemothorax or flail chest | No chest tube insertion in a patient with a written diagnosis of open pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, massive hemothorax. No offer of oxygen in a patient with a written diagnosis of flail chest. | |
| Circulation | C.1 Measurement of heart rate | No HR verbalized by the provider, or displayed or written in medical record. |
| C.2 Initiation of intravenous fluids if tachycardia, hypotension or abnormal capillary refill | Fluids were not initiated in a patient with abnormal vital signs (HR, BP, ACR). | |
| Disability | D.1 Evaluation of GCS | No GCS verbalized or written in medical record. |
| Exposure | E.1 Examination of patient’s back | No examination of patient’s back. |
| E.2 Protection against hypothermia | Provider did not cover patient with his/her clothes after assessment. | |
| Other | O.1 Measurement of weight or use of Broselow tape | No weight verbalized or written in medical record; no use of Broselow tape. |
ACR, abnormal capillary refill; BP, blood pressure; GCS, Glasgow Coma Score; HR, heart rate; MV, mechanical ventilation; RR, respiratory rate.