Demographics and clinical characteristics by quantity of HP
| Covariate | No HP (n=146) | Minimal HP (n=92) | Moderate HP (n=76) | Large HP (n=46) | P value |
| General characteristics | |||||
| Age, years* | 38 (25–55) | 36 (25–54) | 35.5 (25–55) | 30.5 (24–52) | 0.51 |
| Age≥65 years | 11.0% (16) | 6.5% (6) | 13.2% (10) | 13.0% (6) | 0.48 |
| Female sex | 37.7% (55) | 25.0% (23) | 27.6% (21) | 37.0% (17) | 0.15 |
| Cause of injury | 0.24 | ||||
| Vehicular cause | 78.1% (114) | 78.3% (72) | 69.7% (53) | 65.2% (30) | |
| Fall cause | 14.4% (21) | 13.0% (12) | 13.2% (10) | 21.7% (10) | |
| Other cause | 7.5% (11) | 8.7% (8) | 17.1% (13) | 13.0% (6) | |
| ISS* | 17 (10–24) | 21 (14–29) | 17 (10–26) | 17 (14–27) | 0.04 |
| ED GCS 3–8 | 13.0% (19) | 18.5% (17) | 11.8% (9) | 6.5% (3) | 0.25 |
| ED RR<12 or >20 | 25.4% (33) | 22.7% (20) | 27.4% (20) | 25.6% (11) | 0.92 |
| ED HR>120 | 10.4% (15) | 12.4% (11) | 9.2% (7) | 10.9% (5) | 0.93 |
| Blood type O | 30.8% (45) | 34.8% (32) | 50.0% (38) | 39.1% (18) | 0.04 |
| First Hb<10ˆ | 9.6% (14) | 5.4% (5) | 10.5% (8) | 21.7% (10) | 0.03 |
| Radiographic characteristics | |||||
| High AAST grade (IV/V) | 5.48% (8) | 16.30% (15) | 28.95% (22) | 50.00 (23) | <0.001 |
| Non-surgical abdominal finding | 4.1% (6) | 6.5% (6) | 9.2% (7) | 6.5% (3) | 0.51 |
| Blush (any) | 8.4% (12) | 9.1% (8) | 24.3% (18) | 29.6% (13) | <0.001 |
| Splenic vascular injury | 2.1% (3) | 2.4% (2) | 4.2% (3) | 13.6% (6) | 0.01 |
| Definitive management | <0.001 | ||||
| Observation | 89.0% (130) | 82.6% (76) | 56.6% (43) | 50% (23) | |
| SAE | 8.9% (13) | 17.4% (16) | 42.1% (32) | 47.8% (22) | |
| fNOM | 2.1% (3) | 0% | 1.3% (1) | 2.2% (1) | |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Mortality | 1.4% (2) | 4.4% (4) | 5.3% (4) | 2.2% (1) | 0.35 |
| ICU admission | 79.5% (116) | 87.0% (80) | 92.1% (70) | 87.0% (40) | 0.07 |
| # blood products* | 5 (2–12) | 5 (2–8) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (2–7) | 0.56 |
| Hospital LOS* | 6 (3–12) | 7 (4–14) | 6 (4–11) | 6 (3–8) | 0.33 |
| ICU LOS* | 2 (1–5) | 3 (2–6) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–4) | 0.10 |
Bold values denote significance <0.05.
*Results presented as median (IQR).
AAST, American Association for the Surgery of Trauma; fNOM, failing nonoperative management; GCS, Glasgow Coma Score; HP, hemoperitoneum; HR, heart rate; ICU, intensive care unit; ISS, injury severity score; SAE, splenic artery embolization.