Covariate | Observation (n=272) | Intervention* (n=88) | P value |
General characteristics | |||
Age, years† | 34 (25–53) | 42.5 (26–57) | 0.03 |
Age≥65 years | 9.2% (25) | 14.8% (13) | 0.14 |
Female sex | 33.1% (90) | 29.6% (26) | 0.54 |
Cause of injury | 0.64 | ||
Vehicular cause | 72.3% (202) | 76.1% (67) | |
Fall cause | 14.3% (39) | 15.9% (14) | |
Other cause | 11.4% (31) | 8.0% (7) | |
ISS† | 17 (10–24) | 22 (16–29) | <0.001 |
ED GCS 3–8 | 13.6% (37) | 12.5% (11) | 0.79 |
ED RR<12 or>20 | 22.3% (56) | 33.7% (28) | 0.04 |
ED HR>120 | 10.1% (27) | 12.6% (11) | 0.50 |
Blood type O | 33.5% (91) | 47.7% (42) | 0.02 |
First Hb<10ˆ | 10.3% (28) | 10.2% (9) | 0.99 |
Radiographic characteristics | |||
High AAST grade (IV/V) | 10.29% (28) | 45.45% (40) | <0.001 |
Non-surgical abdominal finding | 5.2% (14) | 9.1% (8) | 0.18 |
Blush | 10.3% (27) | 27.9% (24) | <0.001 |
HP | 52.2% (142) | 81.8% (72) | <0.001 |
Splenic vascular injury | 1.2% (3) | 13.3% (11) | <0.001 |
Outcomes | |||
Mortality | 2.94 (8) | 3.41 (3) | 0.82 |
ICU admission | 80.5% (219) | 98.9% (87) | <0.001 |
# blood products† | 3.5 (2–10) | 3 (2–6) | 0.45 |
Hospital LOS† | 5 (3–10) | 8.5 (5–14) | <0.001 |
ICU LOS† | 2 (1–5) | 4 (2–8) | <0.001 |
Bold values denote <0.05.
*Intervention: SAE (n=83) or failed NOM (n=5).
†Median (IQR).
AAST, American Association for the Surgery of Trauma; GCS, Glasgow Coma Score; HP, hemoperitoneum; ICU, intensive care unit; ISS, injury severity score; NOM, nonoperative management; SAE, splenic artery embolization.