Baseline characteristics
| Parameter | All patients (n=147) | No MODS (n=115) | MODS (n=32) | P value |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 53 (31–64) | 53 (35–64) | 50 (28–68) | 0.959 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 40 (27.2) | 25 (21.7) | 15 (46.9) | 0.005 |
| Blunt injury, n (%) | 141 (95.9) | 110 (95.7) | 31 (96.9) | 0.757 |
| Injury Severity Score | 22 (17–29) | 20 (17–27) | 25 (22–30) | 0.010 |
| TBI, n (%) | 88 (59.9) | 64 (55.7) | 24 (75.0) | 0.048 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| pH | 7.37 (7.32–7.41) | 7.38 (7.33–7.41) | 7.34 (7.26–7.38) | 0.002 |
| PaCO2 (mm Hg) | 42.8 (26.8–48.0) | 42.8 (36.0–48.0) | 45.4 (39.6–49.9) | 0.094 |
| P/F ratio (mm Hg) | 315.0 (172.5–442.9) | 333.8 (173.1–461.1) | 220.5 (147.5–351.0) | 0.069 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.1 (1.3–3.0) | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | 2.2 (1.4–3.1) | 0.917 |
| BE | −1.5 (−3.6 to 0.5) | −1.2 (−3.1 to 0.8) | −2.7 (−6.1 to −0.6) | 0.005 |
| Leukocytes (×109/L) | 10.8 (7.9–15.1) | 11.1 (8.1–15.0) | 10.2 (7.2–15.7) | 0.555 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 12.5 (8.9–13.8) | 12.8 (9.8–14.0) | 9.6 (7.0–12.5) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 73.0 (62.0–90.3) | 73.0 (62.0–90.3) | 70 (61.3–92.0) | 0.913 |
| ALT (U/L) | 31.0 (21.0–64.0) | 31.5 (22.0–63.3) | 28.0 (18.0–71.0) | 0.733 |
| Coagulation | ||||
| Platelet count (×109/L) | 217.5 (58.3) | 220.6 (57.6) | 203.0 (60.7) | 0.690 |
| PT (s) | 11.8 (11.3–12.6) | 11.7 (11.3–12.4) | 12.7 (11.7–14.7) | 0.001 |
| aPTT (s) | 24.0 (22.0–26.0) | 24.0 (22.0–26.0) | 25.0 (23.0–28.0) | 0.008 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.6) | 0.003 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 10.3 (3.5–32.0) | 9.4 (3.3–32.0) | 14.3 (5.1–30.0) | 0.515 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Ventilation (days) | 1 (0–4) | 0 (0–1) | 10 (4–16) | <0.001 |
| ARDS, n (%) | 10 (6.8) | 1 (0.9) | 9 (28.1) | <0.001 |
| AKI, n (%) | 20 (13.6) | 4 (3.5) | 16 (50.0) | <0.001 |
| MODS, n (%) | 32 (21.8) | 0 (0) | 32 (100) | ND |
| With ARDS | 9/32 | 0 | 9/32 | ND |
| With AKI | 16/32 | 0 | 16/32 | ND |
| With ARDS and AKI | 6/32 | 0 | 6/32 | ND |
| Length of ICU stay (days) | 2 (1–5) | 1 (0–3) | 13 (6–19) | <0.001 |
| Total length of stay (days) | 8 (5–19) | 7 (4–15) | 24 (13–35) | <0.001 |
| 24-hour mortality, n (%) | 10 (6.8) | 10 (8.7) | 0 (0) | 0.119 |
| 24-hour to 28-day mortality, n (%) | 12 (8.2) | 3 (2.6) | 9 (28.1) | <0.001 |
Data are represented as number (percentage), median (IQR) or mean (SD). MODS was defined as a sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score of 3 or more in two or more organ systems. TBI was defined as an abbreviated head injury score of 3 or higher.
Comparisons were made between patients with and without MODS.
AKI, acute kidney injury; ALT, alanine amino transferase; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; BE, base excess; FiO2, fractional inspired oxygen; Hb, hemoglobin;ICU, intensive care unit; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome;ND, not determined; PaCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PaO2, partial arterial oxygen pressure;P/F, PaO2/FiO2; PT, prothrombin time;TBI, traumatic brain injury.