Demographics and clinical characteristics (NTDB 2010–2014)
| ICP monitoring | No ICP monitoring | P value | ICP monitoring | No ICP monitoring | P value | ||
| n | 4093 | 26 617 | Alcohol use n (%) | 1383 (46.6) | 7575 (45.4) | 0.213 | |
| Age (mean+/-SD) | 44.5±18.4 | 52.8±21.1 | <0.001 | Substance use n (%) | 1175 (56.4) | 6607 (54.2) | 0.07 |
| Male sex n (%) | 3074 (75.1) | 18 632 (70.0) | <0.001 | AIS-Head n (%) | |||
| TBI n (%) | 1 | 2 (0.0) | 129 (0.5) | 0.0001 | |||
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 2189 (53.5) | 12 220 (45.9) | <0.001 | 2 | 3 (0.0) | 366 (1.4) | <0.0001 |
| Subdural hemorrhage | 2743 (67.0) | 15 376 (57.8) | <0.001 | 3 | 225 (5.5) | 4008 (15.1) | <0.0001 |
| Epidural hematoma | 419 (10.2) | 1871 (7.0) | <0.001 | 4 | 1481 (36.2) | 11 172 (42.0) | <0.0001 |
| ISS (median (IQR)) | 22.7 (17–26) | 19.0 (13–25) | <0.001 | 5 | 2373 (58.0) | 10 707 (40.2) | <0.0001 |
| Hospital days (median (IQR)) | 15 (8–26) | 12 (6–21) | <0.001 | Craniotomy n (%) | 991 (24.2) | 3244 (12.2) | <0.001 |
| ICU stay (median (IQR)) | 11 (6–17) | 4 (2–10) | <0.001 | Craniectomy n (%) | 582 (14.2) | 929 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| Time on ventilator (median (IQR) | 9 (4–14) | 3 (2–7) | <0.001 | Overall mortality n (%) | 1257 (30.7) | 7236 (27.2) | <0.001 |
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; ICP, intracranial pressure; ICU, intensive care unit; ISS, Injury Severity Score; NTDB, National Trauma Data Bank; TBI, traumatic brain injury.