Table 4

Case series of delayed detected or undetected inadvertent esophageal misplacement of tracheal tubes in out-of-hospital emergency medical service since 2000

Reference	Origin	Population	Study design	Patients	Esophageal (%)	EMS provider	Helicopter EMS	Outcome
Katz and Falk13	USA	Trauma	Pro	108	18 (16.7)	Paramedic	No	Unknown
Jones et al 14	USA	Mixed	Pro	208	12 (5.8)	Physician	No	Unknown
Jemmett et al 15	USA	Mixed	Pro	136	10 (9)	Paramedic	Yes	Unknown
Thierbach et al 7	Germany	Mixed	Pro	598	0	Physician	No	NA
Wang et al 16	USA	Mixed	Pro, mc	783	102 (13.8)	Mixed	Mixed	Unknown
Albrecht et al 17	Switzerland	Mixed	Retro	762	1 (0.13)	Physician	Mixed	Survived
Helm et al 18	Germany	Mixed	Pro	342	0	Physician	Yes	NA
Gunning et al 19	Australia	Mixed	Pro	89	0	Physician	Yes	NA
Geisser et al 20	Germany	Mixed	Retro	488	0	Physician	No	NA
Cobas et al 21	USA	Trauma	Pro	203	25 (12)	Paramedic	No	17 died
Timmermann et al 6	Germany	Mixed	Pro	149	10 (6.7)	Physician	Mixed	8 died, 2 survived
Wirtz et al 22	USA	Mixed	Pro	132	11 (9)	Physician	Mixed	Died
Sollid et al 23	Norway	Trauma	Retro	240	1 (0.4)	Physician	Yes	Died <24 hours
Nakstad et al 24	Norway	Mixed	Pro	122	0	Physician	Yes	NA
Lockey et al 10	UK	Trauma	Pro	472	7 (1.5)	Mixed	No	Unknown
Kamiutsuri et al 25	Japan	Mixed	Retro	742	4 (0.5)	Physician	No	Unknown
Rognas et al 26	Denmark	Mixed	Pro	734	31 (4.2)	Physician	No	Survived
Schöeneberg et al 27	Germany	Trauma	Retro	166	14 (8.4)	Physician	Mixed	Unknown
Özkurtul et al 2019	Germany	Trauma	Retro	151	5 (3.2)	Physician	Mixed	3 died, 2 survived

EMS, emergency medical service; NA, not assayed.