Table 1

Healthcare utilization and fatalities from firearm injuries

	California		Other states		% change		P values
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	California	Other	P values
Crude rates
NF visits*
ED visit only	9.29	8.92	8.80	8.25	−3.98	−6.25	0.824†
Hospitalization	7.96	7.23	5.60	5.66	−9.17	+1.07	<0.001†
Total NF visits	17.26	16.14	14.55	14.21	−6.49	−2.34	0.706†
Fatalities	8.07	7.85	10.21	10.43	−2.73	+2.15	<0.001†
Fatalities‡	7.83	7.55	10.02	10.21	−3.58	+1.90	<0.001†
Age-adjusted rates
NF visits*
ED visit only	9.27	8.94	11.00	11.88	−3.56	+8.00	0.821†
Hospitalization	7.96	7.22	8.13	8.03	−9.30	−1.23	<0.001†
Total NF visits	17.24	16.16	19.14	19.91	−6.26	+4.02	0.704†
Fatalities	7.90	7.64	9.54	9.58	−3.29	+0.42	0.003†
Fatalities‡	7.67	7.35	9.35	9.38	−4.17	+0.32	0.001†

Rates per 100 000 persons.
*"Other states” used as the controls for NF visits include only Florida and Minnesota.
†Difference-in-difference analysis comparing California with the other states controlling for race, sex, strength of state gun laws, and Hispanic status.
‡Excludes death from unknown intent and legal intervention.
ED, emergency department; NF, non-fatal.